Conductive adhesives are used in microelectronics assembly, including the connection of fine wires to printed lines, plating plates, metal layers of ceramic adhesives, metal chassis, bonding wires to tube seats, bonding elements to flat faces across printed lines, bonding waveguide tuning, and hole repair. Conductive adhesives are used to replace spot welding where the welding temperature exceeds the tolerance of oxide film formed by welding. Another application of conductive adhesives is the bonding of electrodes to magnet crystals in ferroelectric devices. Conductive adhesives can replace welding flux and crystal due to welding temperature tend to deposit. The bonding of battery terminals is another use for conductive adhesives when the welding temperature is unfavorable. Conductive adhesives can form joints of sufficient strength and, therefore, can be used as structural adhesives. In addition to bonding strength, continuity of conduction of conductive adhesives is required in shielded assemblies
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