Ядовитое и съедобное растение Паслен черный Poisonous and edible plant Black nightshade

Паслён чёрный (лат. Solánum nígrum) — растение семейства Паслёновые, вид рода Паслён, происходящее из Евразии и интродуцированное в Америку и Австралию. Кустарник с прямостоячим стеблем высотой 10—120 см. Листья простые, без прилистников, очерёдные, черешковые, яйцевидные или удлиненно-яйцевидные заострённые, цельнокрайние или выемчато-зубчатые, 11—13 см длиной и 6—8,5 см шириной. Цветки белые звёздообразные, собраны по три — восемь в боковые полузонтики. Тычинок пять, пестик один, лепестков пять (сросшихся), околоцветник двойной. Венчик 6—7 мм в поперечнике, колесовидный, с яйцевидно-ланцетными долями. Цветёт со второй половины лета до глубокой осени. Плод — шаровидная чёрная ягода размером 8—10 мм, созревающая в августе — октябре. Монокарпик. В России распространён в европейской части (кроме таёжной и тундровой зон), на Кавказе, на юге Сибири. Растёт на мусорных местах, близ жилья. Трава и незрелые плоды паслёна чёрного содержат ядовитый алкалоид соланин, присутствующий в форме гликоалкалоида соланина. Побеги и плоды содержат сапонины, дубильные вещества. Особенно много дубильных веществ в корнях (до 6 %). В некоторых странах, особенно в Индии и Эфиопии, а также в России зрелые ягоды паслёна чёрного употребляются в пищу. В России они известны под названием поздника, вороняжка, бздника. Спелые плоды едят сырыми, делают начинки для пирогов[3], варят варенье, повидло и кисели. В молодых листьях содержание алкалоидов незначительно, на Кавказе их употребляют вместо шпината. В народной медицине употребляется как отхаркивающее, мочегонное средство и как средство от ревматизма. Ягодами по разным протравам окрашивают ткани в коричневый, серый, голубой и синий цвета. Solanum nigrum, the European black nightshade or simply black nightshade or blackberry nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Solanum, native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. Ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales, and plant parts are used as a traditional medicine. In South Africa made into a jam called “Nastergal Konfyt“. A tendency exists in literature to incorrectly refer to many of the other “black nightshade“ species as “Solanum nigrum“. Solanum nigrum has been recorded from deposits of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic era of ancient Britain and it is suggested by the botanist and ecologist Edward Salisbury that it was part of the native flora there before Neolithic agriculture emerged. The species was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD and by the great herbalists, including Dioscorides. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus described six varieties of Solanum nigrum in Species Plantarum. Solanine levels in S. nigrum can be toxic. Children have died from poisoning after eating unripe berries. However, the plant is rarely fatal, with ripe berries causing symptoms of mild abdominal pains, vomiting, and diarrhea. Poisoning symptoms are typically delayed for 6 to 12 hours after ingestion. Initial symptoms of toxicity include fever, sweating, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, confusion, and drowsiness. Death from ingesting large amounts of the plant results from cardiac arrhythmias and respiratory failure. Livestock have also been poisoned from nitrate toxicity by grazing the leaves of S. nigrum. All kinds of animals can be poisoned after ingesting nightshade, including cattle, sheep, poultry, and swine. However, in central Spain, the great bustard (Otis tarda) may act as a seed disperser of European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Black nightshade is highly variable, and poisonous plant experts advise to avoid eating the berries unless they are a known edible strain. The toxin levels may also be affected by the plant’s growing conditions. The toxins in S. nigrum are most concentrated in the unripe green berries, and immature fruit should be treated as toxic. Most cases of suspected poisoning are due to consumption of leaves or unripe fruit. There are ethnobotanical accounts of S. nigrum leaves and shoots being boiled as a vegetable with the cooking water being discarded and replaced several times to remove toxins. Some of the uses ascribed to S. nigrum in literature may actually apply to other black nightshade species within the same species complex, and proper species identification is essential for food and medicinal uses (See Taxonomy section). S. nigrum has been widely used as a food since early times, and the fruit was recorded as a famine food in 15th-century China. Despite toxicity issues with some forms, the ripe berries and boiled leaves of edible strains are eaten. The thoroughly boiled leaves — although strong and slightly bitter flavours — are used like spinach as horta and in fataya pies and quiches. The ripe black berries are described as sweet and salty, with hints of liquorice and melon. In Kenya, among the Abagusii, S. nigrum (rinagu - singular; amanagu - plural)