The Hardy–Weinberg principle relates allele frequencies to genotype frequencies in a randomly mating population. Imagine that you have a population with two alleles (A and B) that segregate at a single locus. The frequency of allele A is denoted by p and the frequency of allele B is denoted by q. The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that after one generation of random mating genotype frequencies will be p2, 2pq, and q2. In the absence of other evolutionary forces (such as natural selection), genotype frequencies are expected to remain constant and the population is said to be at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The Hardy–Weinberg principle relies on a number of assumptions: (1) random mating (i.e, population structure is absent and matings occur in proportion to genotype frequencies), (2) the absence of natural selection, (3) a very large population size (i.e., genetic drift is negligible), (4) no gene flow or migration, (5) no mutation, and (6) the locus is autosomal. When these assumptions are violated, departures from Hardy–Weinberg proportions can result.
One useful way to think about the Hardy–Weinberg principle is to use the metaphor of a gene pool (Crow, 2001). Here, individuals contribute alleles to an infinitely large pool of gametes. In a randomly mating population without natural selection, offspring genotypes are found by randomly sampling two alleles from this gene pool (one from their mother and one from their father). Because the allele that an individual receives from their mother is independent of the allele they receive from their father, the probability of observing a particular genotype is found by multiplying maternal and paternal allele frequencies. Mathematically this involves the binomial expansion: (p q)2 = p2 2pq q2 (see the modified Punnett Square in Figure 1 for a graphical representation). Note that there are two ways that an individual can be an AB heterozygote: they can either inherit an A allele from their mother and a B allele from their father or they can inherit a B allele from their mother and an A allele from their father.
#HardyWeinbergPrinciple #MathematicsFieldOfStudy #genetics #AlleleFrequency #HardyWeinbergLaw #population #alleleFrequencies #mutation #genotypes #HardyWeinbergEquilibrium #populationGenetics #hardyWeinbergAssumptions #hardyWeinberg #genotypeFrequencies #hardyWeinbergEquations #hardyWeinbergEquilibriumExplained #genotype #educational #biology #NikolaysGeneticsLessons #apBiology #hardyweinbergProblems #hardyWeinbergEquilibrium #genes
0 views
117
33
6 years ago 00:02:53 163
Method Man - Two More Mins
11 years ago 00:00:32 24
Two More Days!
9 years ago 00:02:51 35
SeattleAcro: Two More Acro Sequences
7 years ago 00:03:06 64
Haschak Sisters - Two More Minutes
4 years ago 00:02:00 21
Two more Seoul trips coming up!
8 years ago 00:04:33 55
Hunter Hayes - “More“ (Part Two Of “Pictures“)
9 years ago 00:03:47 98
More Mille - Mediterranean Cup Highlights Vol. TWO
11 years ago 00:03:57 17
Jaymes Young - Two More Minutes (Live)
7 years ago 00:02:54 414
Two More Hands - Betty Russ
7 years ago 00:04:04 17
Two Player Game - Be More Chill
9 years ago 00:08:47 267
Gender FAQ ~ There’s more than two genders!
13 years ago 00:04:29 34
Bloc Party - Two more years
7 years ago 00:08:48 364
Be More Chill | SCENE TWO | RUS SUB
4 years ago 00:15:34 9
TWO More APAC Teams Confirmed For Mexican Major! | APAC Playoffs 2021 Stage 2 Highlights
6 years ago 00:01:01 39
Wreckfest - Fall Update Trailer - featuring two new, free tracks and much more
14 years ago 00:03:59 36
Bloc Party - Two More Years
10 years ago 00:03:39 20
stefan & elena || two more minutes...
4 years ago 00:04:10 23
Korolova, Two Are, Alar - Ready For More
9 years ago 00:07:30 29
Neymar vs Two Or More Defenders | 2016 | HD
3 years ago 00:10:04 112
Yamaha RZ1000 4 (or more?) cylinder two stroke design
11 years ago 00:02:45 30
ANTVR KIT Kickstarter update 21 -- Two more EXPOs
6 years ago 00:02:53 103
SpaceX Monthly Recap | Two launches, Parachute testing, and more!