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Autumn and the first snowfalls have arrived in Yellowstone National Park, located in the United States. Huge in size, the world’s first National Park, Yellowstone, is spread across three American states: Idaho, Wyoming and Montana. Almost half of the park’s territory is located in the caldera of a “sleeping” supervolcano, which last woke up more than 600 thousand years ago.
Picturesque mountains and rivers, canyons and caves, bubbling hot springs and waterfalls, geysers and fumaroles, mud volcanoes and a variety of flora and fauna. Most of Yellowstone Park is covered in pine forest, with birch, aspen and willow trees along the rivers. Yellowstone’s fauna is very rich: wolves, coyotes, brown and black bears, grizzlies, lynxes, bison and many smaller animals live here. All these incredible natural wonders are concentrated in this park, recognized as a biosphere reserve and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
For the first time, the assumption of the volcanic nature of the plateau was put forward by members of a scientific expedition following along the Yellowstone River. They discovered a plateau among the Rocky Mountains and, based on the nature of the terrain, assumed that it was the crater of a former volcano. The guess was correct, but the pioneers did not even imagine that this volcano was not former at all, but active, moreover, one of the greatest in the world, belonging to the category of supervolcanoes.
The volcano attracts the attention of many researchers, whose opinions agree on one thing - the volcano is alive. The caldera breathes and sometimes “shudders“ - in some places its rise is recorded at a rate of 6-7 cm (2.5 inches) per year. Every year, thousands of imperceptible small earthquakes occur, and individual parts of the caldera rise or subside. The top of the magma chamber beneath the caldera is a reservoir of molten rock about 50 km (31 miles) in diameter, now located at a depth of about 10 km (6.2 miles).
The Yellowstone hotspot has exploded several times in the past, creating a line of giant holes in the moving tectonic plate. The eruptions created a crater 75 km (47 mi) long and 45 km (28 mi) wide. The last super eruption, which resulted in the formation of the caldera, occurred 640,000 years ago. Volcanic ash rose to a height of about 30 km (19 miles) and covered the continent in a thick layer all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, destroying almost all life in this area. Previous eruptions were even more powerful. Each time, the release of huge amounts of gases and aerosols into the atmosphere caused global cold snaps and volcanic winters. After the eruptions, the lava solidified, its surface was destroyed and overgrown with forests. The caldera was filled with ash and flattened during the Ice Age.
The surface of many areas in the caldera is literally boiling. Yellowstone is home to more than half of all the planet’s geothermal springs (about 10,000) and two-thirds of all the world’s geysers (3,000). The geography of geysers and springs is constantly changing; new geysers often appear in forests, on the banks of lakes and rivers.
Molten underground rocks provide heat that turns rainwater coming from above into superheated steam mixed with gases escaping from the subsurface. Vapors and gases feed and heat surface mud pots, fumaroles, hot springs and geysers.
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