Roger Penrose - Forbidden crystal symmetry in mathematics and architecture

Sir Roger Penrose provides a unique insight into the “forbidden symmetry“ of his famous penrose tiles and the use of non-repeating patterns in design and architecture. It is a rigorous mathematical theorem that the only crystallographic symmetries are 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold symmetries. Yet, since the 1970s 5-fold, 8-fold, 10-fold and 12-fold “almost“ symmetric patterns have been exhibited, showing that such crystallographically “forbidden symmetries“ are mathematically possible and deviate fr