ABO blood group and Pedigree

The ABO blood group system is a classification system used to categorize human blood into four major groups based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens are carbohydrates that can trigger an immune response if they are recognized as foreign by the immune system. The ABO system is one of the most important and well-known blood group systems and plays a crucial role in blood transfusion compatibility and organ transplantation. The ABO blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of two antigens: A and B. Blood Group A: Individuals with blood group A have A antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in their plasma. This means that they can receive blood from donors with blood groups A and O, and can donate to recipients with blood groups A and AB. Blood Group B: Individuals with blood group B have B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in their plasma. This means that they can receive blood from donors with blood groups B and O, and can donate to recipients with blood groups B and AB. Blood Group AB: Individuals with blood group AB have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in their plasma. This makes them universal recipients, as they can receive blood from donors of any ABO blood group (A, B, AB, O). Blood Group O: Individuals with blood group O have no A or B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells but have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma. This makes them universal donors, as their blood can be donated to recipients of any ABO blood group (A, B, AB, O). The compatibility of blood transfusions is essential to prevent adverse reactions. If incompatible blood is transfused, it can lead to a potentially life-threatening immune response, known as a transfusion reaction. Therefore, healthcare professionals carefully match the donor’s and recipient’s blood types before conducting a blood transfusion. The ABO blood group system is inherited from one’s parents, and the genes responsible for these blood groups are located on chromosome 9. The ABO system is just one of many blood group systems, and understanding these systems is critical for safe blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and other medical procedures involving blood compatibility. Problem: What is the genotype of female #3 (orange circle). A) BB– B) BO– or BO - C) BB - D) BO - E) BAO–